A chord is three or more notes played together. The simplest kind takes a note of the scale, skips one, takes the next, skips one, and takes the next: the first, third and fifth. Do that starting from each note of a key and you get the seven chords of that key. Some come out sounding bright, which we call major, and some wistful, which we call minor.
It starts at home, moves to the chord that most wants to go back home, sidesteps to the sad cousin of home instead, and then takes one more step before returning. Tension, surprise, and release, in four bars. Hundreds of hit songs use exactly these four chords in exactly this order.
C, G, A minor, F and G, D, E minor, C are the same progression in two different keys: 1, 5, 6, 4. Once you hear progressions as numbers you can play any song in any key, and you start recognising the same few shapes in almost everything you listen to.
The bass usually plays the note each chord is named after, called the root. That one low note tells your ear which chord it is hearing. Try the walking and octave styles to hear how a bass can move while still saying the same thing.